2 Maccabees
Chapter 1
1: The Jewish brethren in Jerusalem and those in
the land of Judea, To their Jewish brethren in Egypt, Greeting, and good peace.
2: May God do good to you, and may he remember his covenant with
Abraham and Isaac and Jacob, his faithful servants.
3: May he give
you all a heart to worship him and to do his will with a strong heart and a
willing spirit.
4: May he open your heart to his law and his
commandments, and may he bring peace.
5: May he hear your prayers and
be reconciled to you, and may he not forsake you in time of evil.
6:
We are now praying for you here.
7: In the reign of Demetrius, in the
one hundred and sixty-ninth year, we Jews wrote to you, in the critical distress
which came upon us in those years after Jason and his company revolted from the
holy land and the kingdom
8: and burned the gate and shed innocent
blood. We besought the Lord and we were heard, and we offered sacrifice and
cereal offering, and we lighted the lamps and we set out the loaves.
9: And now see that you keep the feast of booths in the month of
Chislev, in the one hundred and eighty-eighth year.
10: Those in
Jerusalem and those in Judea and the senate and Judas, To Aristobulus, who is of
the family of the anointed priests, teacher of Ptolemy the king, and to the Jews
in Egypt, Greeting, and good health.
11: Having been saved by God out
of grave dangers we thank him greatly for taking our side against the king.
12: For he drove out those who fought against the holy city.
13: For when the leader reached Persia with a force that seemed
irresistible, they were cut to pieces in the temple of Nanea by a deception
employed by the priests of Nanea.
14: For under pretext of intending
to marry her, Antiochus came to the place together with his friends, to secure
most of its treasures as a dowry.
15: When the priests of the temple
of Nanea had set out the treasures and Antiochus had come with a few men inside
the wall of the sacred precinct, they closed the temple as soon as he entered
it.
16: Opening the secret door in the ceiling, they threw stones and
struck down the leader and his men, and dismembered them and cut off their heads
and threw them to the people outside.
17: Blessed in every way be our
God, who has brought judgment upon those who have behaved impiously.
18: Since on the twenty-fifth day of Chislev we shall celebrate the
purification of the temple, we thought it necessary to notify you, in order that
you also may celebrate the feast of booths and the feast of the fire given when
Nehemiah, who built the temple and the altar, offered sacrifices.
19:
For when our fathers were being led captive to Persia, the pious priests of that
time took some of the fire of the altar and secretly hid it in the hollow of a
dry cistern, where they took such precautions that the place was unknown to any
one.
20: But after many years had passed, when it pleased God,
Nehemiah, having been commissioned by the king of Persia, sent the descendants
of the priests who had hidden the fire to get it. And when they reported to us
that they had not found fire but thick liquid, he ordered them to dip it out and
bring it.
21: And when the materials for the sacrifices were
presented, Nehemiah ordered the priests to sprinkle the liquid on the wood and
what was laid upon it.
22: When this was done and some time had
passed and the sun, which had been clouded over, shone out, a great fire blazed
up, so that all marveled.
23: And while the sacrifice was being
consumed, the priests offered prayer -- the priests and every one. Jonathan led,
and the rest responded, as did Nehemiah.
24: The prayer was to this
effect: "O Lord, Lord God, Creator of all things, who art awe-inspiring and
strong and just and merciful, who alone art King and art kind,
25:
who alone art bountiful, who alone art just and almighty and eternal, who dost
rescue Israel from every evil, who didst choose the fathers and consecrate them,
26: accept this sacrifice on behalf of all thy people Israel and
preserve thy portion and make it holy.
27: Gather together our
scattered people, set free those who are slaves among the Gentiles, look upon
those who are rejected and despised, and let the Gentiles know that thou art our
God.
28: Afflict those who oppress and are insolent with pride.
29: Plant thy people in thy holy place, as Moses said."
30: Then the priests sang the hymns.
31: And when the
materials of the sacrifice were consumed, Nehemiah ordered that the liquid that
was left should be poured upon large stones.
32: When this was done,
a flame blazed up; but when the light from the altar shone back, it went out.
33: When this matter became known, and it was reported to the king of
the Persians that, in the place where the exiled priests had hidden the fire,
the liquid had appeared with which Nehemiah and his associates had burned the
materials of the sacrifice,
34: the king investigated the matter, and
enclosed the place and made it sacred.
35: And with those persons
whom the king favored he exchanged many excellent gifts.
36: Nehemiah
and his associates called this "nephthar," which means purification, but by most
people it is called naphtha.
Chapter 2
1: One finds in the records that Jeremiah the
prophet ordered those who were being deported to take some of the fire, as has
been told,
2: and that the prophet after giving them the law
instructed those who were being deported not to forget the commandments of the
Lord, nor to be led astray in their thoughts upon seeing the gold and silver
statues and their adornment.
3: And with other similar words he
exhorted them that the law should not depart from their hearts.
4: It
was also in the writing that the prophet, having received an oracle, ordered
that the tent and the ark should follow with him, and that he went out to the
mountain where Moses had gone up and had seen the inheritance of God.
5: And Jeremiah came and found a cave, and he brought there the tent
and the ark and the altar of incense, and he sealed up the entrance.
6: Some of those who followed him came up to mark the way, but could
not find it.
7: When Jeremiah learned of it, he rebuked them and
declared: "The place shall be unknown until God gathers his people together
again and shows his mercy.
8: And then the Lord will disclose these
things, and the glory of the Lord and the cloud will appear, as they were shown
in the case of Moses, and as Solomon asked that the place should be specially
consecrated."
9: It was also made clear that being possessed of
wisdom Solomon offered sacrifice for the dedication and completion of the
temple.
10: Just as Moses prayed to the Lord, and fire came down from
heaven and devoured the sacrifices, so also Solomon prayed, and the fire came
down and consumed the whole burnt offerings.
11: And Moses said,
"They were consumed because the sin offering had not been eaten."
12:
Likewise Solomon also kept the eight days.
13: The same things are
reported in the records and in the memoirs of Nehemiah, and also that he founded
a library and collected the books about the kings and prophets, and the writings
of David, and letters of kings about votive offerings.
14: In the
same way Judas also collected all the books that had been lost on account of the
war which had come upon us, and they are in our possession.
15: So if
you have need of them, send people to get them for you.
16: Since,
therefore, we are about to celebrate the purification, we write to you. Will you
therefore please keep the days?
17: It is God who has saved all his
people, and has returned the inheritance to all, and the kingship and priesthood
and consecration,
18: as he promised through the law. For we have
hope in God that he will soon have mercy upon us and will gather us from
everywhere under heaven into his holy place, for he has rescued us from great
evils and has purified the place.
19: The story of Judas Maccabeus
and his brothers, and the purification of the great temple, and the dedication
of the altar,
20: and further the wars against Antiochus Epiphanes
and his son Eupator,
21: and the appearances which came from heaven
to those who strove zealously on behalf of Judaism, so that though few in number
they seized the whole land and pursued the barbarian hordes,
22: and
recovered the temple famous throughout the world and freed the city and restored
the laws that were about to be abolished, while the Lord with great kindness
became gracious to them --
23: all this, which has been set forth by
Jason of Cyrene in five volumes, we shall attempt to condense into a single
book.
24: For considering the flood of numbers involved and the
difficulty there is for those who wish to enter upon the narratives of history
because of the mass of material,
25: we have aimed to please those
who wish to read, to make it easy for those who are inclined to memorize, and to
profit all readers.
26: For us who have undertaken the toil of
abbreviating, it is no light matter but calls for sweat and loss of sleep,
27: just as it is not easy for one who prepares a banquet and seeks
the benefit of others. However, to secure the gratitude of many we will gladly
endure the uncomfortable toil,
28: leaving the responsibility for
exact details to the compiler, while devoting our effort to arriving at the
outlines of the condensation.
29: For as the master builder of a new
house must be concerned with the whole construction, while the one who
undertakes its painting and decoration has to consider only what is suitable for
its adornment, such in my judgment is the case with us.
30: It is the
duty of the original historian to occupy the ground and to discuss matters from
every side and to take trouble with details,
31: but the one who
recasts the narrative should be allowed to strive for brevity of expression and
to forego exhaustive treatment.
32: At this point therefore let us
begin our narrative, adding only so much to what has already been said; for it
is foolish to lengthen the preface while cutting short the history itself.
Chapter 3
1: While the holy city was inhabited in unbroken
peace and the laws were very well observed because of the piety of the high
priest Onias and his hatred of wickedness,
2: it came about that the
kings themselves honored the place and glorified the temple with the finest
presents,
3: so that even Seleucus, the king of Asia, defrayed from
his own revenues all the expenses connected with the service of the sacrifices.
4: But a man named Simon, of the tribe of Benjamin, who had been made
captain of the temple, had a disagreement with the high priest about the
administration of the city market;
5: and when he could not prevail
over Onias he went to Apollonius of Tarsus, who at that time was governor of
Coelesyria and Phoenicia.
6: He reported to him that the treasury in
Jerusalem was full of untold sums of money, so that the amount of the funds
could not be reckoned, and that they did not belong to the account of the
sacrifices, but that it was possible for them to fall under the control of the
king.
7: When Apollonius met the king, he told him of the money about
which he had been informed. The king chose Heliodorus, who was in charge of his
affairs, and sent him with commands to effect the removal of the aforesaid
money.
8: Heliodorus at once set out on his journey, ostensibly to
make a tour of inspection of the cities of Coelesyria and Phoenicia, but in fact
to carry out the king's purpose.
9: When he had arrived at Jerusalem
and had been kindly welcomed by the high priest of the city, he told about the
disclosure that had been made and stated why he had come, and he inquired
whether this really was the situation.
10: The high priest explained
that there were some deposits belonging to widows and orphans,
11:
and also some money of Hyrcanus, son of Tobias, a man of very prominent
position, and that it totaled in all four hundred talents of silver and two
hundred of gold. To such an extent the impious Simon had misrepresented the
facts.
12: And he said that it was utterly impossible that wrong
should be done to those people who had trusted in the holiness of the place and
in the sanctity and inviolability of the temple which is honored throughout the
whole world.
13: But Heliodorus, because of the king's commands which
he had, said that this money must in any case be confiscated for the king's
treasury.
14: So he set a day and went in to direct the inspection of
these funds. There was no little distress throughout the whole city.
15: The priests prostrated themselves before the altar in their
priestly garments and called toward heaven upon him who had given the law about
deposits, that he should keep them safe for those who had deposited them.
16: To see the appearance of the high priest was to be wounded at
heart, for his face and the change in his color disclosed the anguish of his
soul.
17: For terror and bodily trembling had come over the man,
which plainly showed to those who looked at him the pain lodged in his heart.
18: People also hurried out of their houses in crowds to make a
general supplication because the holy place was about to be brought into
contempt.
19: Women, girded with sackcloth under their breasts,
thronged the streets. Some of the maidens who were kept indoors ran together to
the gates, and some to the walls, while others peered out of the windows.
20: And holding up their hands to heaven, they all made entreaty.
21: There was something pitiable in the prostration of the whole
populace and the anxiety of the high priest in his great anguish.
22:
While they were calling upon the Almighty Lord that he would keep what had been
entrusted safe and secure for those who had entrusted it,
23:
Heliodorus went on with what had been decided.
24: But when he
arrived at the treasury with his bodyguard, then and there the Sovereign of
spirits and of all authority caused so great a manifestation that all who had
been so bold as to accompany him were astounded by the power of God, and became
faint with terror.
25: For there appeared to them a magnificently
caparisoned horse, with a rider of frightening mien, and it rushed furiously at
Heliodorus and struck at him with its front hoofs. Its rider was seen to have
armor and weapons of gold.
26: Two young men also appeared to him,
remarkably strong, gloriously beautiful and splendidly dressed, who stood on
each side of him and scourged him continuously, inflicting many blows on him.
27: When he suddenly fell to the ground and deep darkness came over
him, his men took him up and put him on a stretcher
28: and carried
him away, this man who had just entered the aforesaid treasury with a great
retinue and all his bodyguard but was now unable to help himself; and they
recognized clearly the sovereign power of God.
29: While he lay
prostrate, speechless because of the divine intervention and deprived of any
hope of recovery,
30: they praised the Lord who had acted marvelously
for his own place. And the temple, which a little while before was full of fear
and disturbance, was filled with joy and gladness, now that the Almighty Lord
had appeared.
31: Quickly some of Heliodorus' friends asked Onias to
call upon the Most High and to grant life to one who was lying quite at his last
breath.
32: And the high priest, fearing that the king might get the
notion that some foul play had been perpetrated by the Jews with regard to
Heliodorus, offered sacrifice for the man's recovery.
33: While the
high priest was making the offering of atonement, the same young men appeared
again to Heliodorus dressed in the same clothing, and they stood and said, "Be
very grateful to Onias the high priest, since for his sake the Lord has granted
you your life.
34: And see that you, who have been scourged by
heaven, report to all men the majestic power of God." Having said this they
vanished.
35: Then Heliodorus offered sacrifice to the Lord and made
very great vows to the Savior of his life, and having bidden Onias farewell, he
marched off with his forces to the king.
36: And he bore testimony to
all men of the deeds of the supreme God, which he had seen with his own eyes.
37: When the king asked Heliodorus what sort of person would be
suitable to send on another mission to Jerusalem, he replied,
38: "If
you have any enemy or plotter against your government, send him there, for you
will get him back thoroughly scourged, if he escapes at all, for there certainly
is about the place some power of God.
39: For he who has his dwelling
in heaven watches over that place himself and brings it aid, and he strikes and
destroys those who come to do it injury."
40: This was the outcome of
the episode of Heliodorus and the protection of the treasury.
Chapter 4
1: The previously mentioned Simon, who had informed
about the money against his own country, slandered Onias, saying that it was he
who had incited Heliodorus and had been the real cause of the misfortune.
2: He dared to designate as a plotter against the government the man
who was the benefactor of the city, the protector of his fellow countrymen, and
a zealot for the laws.
3: When his hatred progressed to such a degree
that even murders were committed by one of Simon's approved agents,
4: Onias recognized that the rivalry was serious and that Apollonius,
the son of Menestheus and governor of Coelesyria and Phoenicia, was intensifying
the malice of Simon.
5: So he betook himself to the king, not
accusing his fellow citizens but having in view the welfare, both public and
private, of all the people.
6: For he saw that without the king's
attention public affairs could not again reach a peaceful settlement, and that
Simon would not stop his folly.
7: When Seleucus died and Antiochus
who was called Epiphanes succeeded to the kingdom, Jason the brother of Onias
obtained the high priesthood by corruption,
8: promising the king at
an interview three hundred and sixty talents of silver and, from another source
of revenue, eighty talents.
9: In addition to this he promised to pay
one hundred and fifty more if permission were given to establish by his
authority a gymnasium and a body of youth for it, and to enrol the men of
Jerusalem as citizens of Antioch.
10: When the king assented and
Jason came to office, he at once shifted his countrymen over to the Greek way of
life.
11: He set aside the existing royal concessions to the Jews,
secured through John the father of Eupolemus, who went on the mission to
establish friendship and alliance with the Romans; and he destroyed the lawful
ways of living and introduced new customs contrary to the law.
12:
For with alacrity he founded a gymnasium right under the citadel, and he induced
the noblest of the young men to wear the Greek hat.
13: There was
such an extreme of Hellenization and increase in the adoption of foreign ways
because of the surpassing wickedness of Jason, who was ungodly and no high
priest,
14: that the priests were no longer intent upon their service
at the altar. Despising the sanctuary and neglecting the sacrifices, they
hastened to take part in the unlawful proceedings in the wrestling arena after
the call to the discus,
15: disdaining the honors prized by their
fathers and putting the highest value upon Greek forms of prestige.
16: For this reason heavy disaster overtook them, and those whose
ways of living they admired and wished to imitate completely became their
enemies and punished them.
17: For it is no light thing to show
irreverence to the divine laws -- a fact which later events will make clear.
18: When the quadrennial games were being held at Tyre and the king
was present,
19: the vile Jason sent envoys, chosen as being
Antiochian citizens from Jerusalem, to carry three hundred silver drachmas for
the sacrifice to Hercules. Those who carried the money, however, thought best
not to use it for sacrifice, because that was inappropriate, but to expend it
for another purpose.
20: So this money was intended by the sender for
the sacrifice to Hercules, but by the decision of its carriers it was applied to
the construction of triremes.
21: When Apollonius the son of
Menestheus was sent to Egypt for the coronation of Philometor as king, Antiochus
learned that Philometor had become hostile to his government, and he took
measures for his own security. Therefore upon arriving at Joppa he proceeded to
Jerusalem.
22: He was welcomed magnificently by Jason and the city,
and ushered in with a blaze of torches and with shouts. Then he marched into
Phoenicia.
23: After a period of three years Jason sent Menelaus, the
brother of the previously mentioned Simon, to carry the money to the king and to
complete the records of essential business.
24: But he, when
presented to the king, extolled him with an air of authority, and secured the
high priesthood for himself, outbidding Jason by three hundred talents of
silver.
25: After receiving the king's orders he returned, possessing
no qualification for the high priesthood, but having the hot temper of a cruel
tyrant and the rage of a savage wild beast.
26: So Jason, who after
supplanting his own brother was supplanted by another man, was driven as a
fugitive into the land of Ammon.
27: And Menelaus held the office,
but he did not pay regularly any of the money promised to the king.
28: When Sostratus the captain of the citadel kept requesting
payment, for the collection of the revenue was his responsibility, the two of
them were summoned by the king on account of this issue.
29: Menelaus
left his own brother Lysimachus as deputy in the high priesthood, while
Sostratus left Crates, the commander of the Cyprian troops.
30: While
such was the state of affairs, it happened that the people of Tarsus and of
Mallus revolted because their cities had been given as a present to Antiochis,
the king's concubine.
31: So the king went hastily to settle the
trouble, leaving Andronicus, a man of high rank, to act as his deputy.
32: But Menelaus, thinking he had obtained a suitable opportunity,
stole some of the gold vessels of the temple and gave them to Andronicus; other
vessels, as it happened, he had sold to Tyre and the neighboring cities.
33: When Onias became fully aware of these acts he publicly exposed
them, having first withdrawn to a place of sanctuary at Daphne near Antioch.
34: Therefore Menelaus, taking Andronicus aside, urged him to kill
Onias. Andronicus came to Onias, and resorting to treachery offered him sworn
pledges and gave him his right hand, and in spite of his suspicion persuaded
Onias to come out from the place of sanctuary; then, with no regard for justice,
he immediately put him out of the way.
35: For this reason not only
Jews, but many also of other nations, were grieved and displeased at the unjust
murder of the man.
36: When the king returned from the region of
Cilicia, the Jews in the city appealed to him with regard to the unreasonable
murder of Onias, and the Greeks shared their hatred of the crime.
37:
Therefore Antiochus was grieved at heart and filled with pity, and wept because
of the moderation and good conduct of the deceased;
38: and inflamed
with anger, he immediately stripped off the purple robe from Andronicus, tore
off his garments, and led him about the whole city to that very place where he
had committed the outrage against Onias, and there he dispatched the
bloodthirsty fellow. The Lord thus repaid him with the punishment he deserved.
39: When many acts of sacrilege had been committed in the city by
Lysimachus with the connivance of Menelaus, and when report of them had spread
abroad, the populace gathered against Lysimachus, because many of the gold
vessels had already been stolen.
40: And since the crowds were
becoming aroused and filled with anger, Lysimachus armed about three thousand
men and launched an unjust attack, under the leadership of a certain Auranus, a
man advanced in years and no less advanced in folly.
41: But when the
Jews became aware of Lysimachus' attack, some picked up stones, some blocks of
wood, and others took handfuls of the ashes that were lying about, and threw
them in wild confusion at Lysimachus and his men.
42: As a result,
they wounded many of them, and killed some, and put them all to flight; and the
temple robber himself they killed close by the treasury.
43: Charges
were brought against Menelaus about this incident.
44: When the king
came to Tyre, three men sent by the senate presented the case before him.
45: But Menelaus, already as good as beaten, promised a substantial
bribe to Ptolemy son of Dorymenes to win over the king.
46: Therefore
Ptolemy, taking the king aside into a colonnade as if for refreshment, induced
the king to change his mind.
47: Menelaus, the cause of all the evil,
he acquitted of the charges against him, while he sentenced to death those
unfortunate men, who would have been freed uncondemned if they had pleaded even
before Scythians.
48: And so those who had spoken for the city and
the villages and the holy vessels quickly suffered the unjust penalty.
49: Therefore even the Tyrians, showing their hatred of the crime,
provided magnificently for their funeral.
50: But Menelaus, because
of the cupidity of those in power, remained in office, growing in wickedness,
having become the chief plotter against his fellow citizens.
Chapter 5
1: About this time Antiochus made his second
invasion of Egypt.
2: And it happened that over all the city, for
almost forty days, there appeared golden-clad horsemen charging through the air,
in companies fully armed with lances and drawn swords --
3: troops of
horsemen drawn up, attacks and counterattacks made on this side and on that,
brandishing of shields, massing of spears, hurling of missiles, the flash of
golden trappings, and armor of all sorts.
4: Therefore all men prayed
that the apparition might prove to have been a good omen.
5: When a
false rumor arose that Antiochus was dead, Jason took no less than a thousand
men and suddenly made an assault upon the city. When the troops upon the wall
had been forced back and at last the city was being taken, Menelaus took refuge
in the citadel.
6: But Jason kept relentlessly slaughtering his
fellow citizens, not realizing that success at the cost of one's kindred is the
greatest misfortune, but imagining that he was setting up trophies of victory
over enemies and not over fellow countrymen.
7: He did not gain
control of the government, however; and in the end got only disgrace from his
conspiracy, and fled again into the country of the Ammonites.
8:
Finally he met a miserable end. Accused before Aretas the ruler of the Arabs,
fleeing from city to city, pursued by all men, hated as a rebel against the
laws, and abhorred as the executioner of his country and his fellow citizens, he
was cast ashore in Egypt;
9: and he who had driven many from their
own country into exile died in exile, having embarked to go to the
Lacedaemonians in hope of finding protection because of their kinship.
10: He who had cast out many to lie unburied had no one to mourn for
him; he had no funeral of any sort and no place in the tomb of his fathers.
11: When news of what had happened reached the king, he took it to
mean that Judea was in revolt. So, raging inwardly, he left Egypt and took the
city by storm.
12: And he commanded his soldiers to cut down
relentlessly every one they met and to slay those who went into the houses.
13: Then there was killing of young and old, destruction of boys,
women, and children, and slaughter of virgins and infants.
14: Within
the total of three days eighty thousand were destroyed, forty thousand in
hand-to-hand fighting; and as many were sold into slavery as were slain.
15: Not content with this, Antiochus dared to enter the most holy
temple in all the world, guided by Menelaus, who had become a traitor both to
the laws and to his country.
16: He took the holy vessels with his
polluted hands, and swept away with profane hands the votive offerings which
other kings had made to enhance the glory and honor of the place.
17:
Antiochus was elated in spirit, and did not perceive that the Lord was angered
for a little while because of the sins of those who dwelt in the city, and that
therefore he was disregarding the holy place.
18: But if it had not
happened that they were involved in many sins, this man would have been scourged
and turned back from his rash act as soon as he came forward, just as Heliodorus
was, whom Seleucus the king sent to inspect the treasury.
19: But the
Lord did not choose the nation for the sake of the holy place, but the place for
the sake of the nation.
20: Therefore the place itself shared in the
misfortunes that befell the nation and afterward participated in its benefits;
and what was forsaken in the wrath of the Almighty was restored again in all its
glory when the great Lord became reconciled.
21: So Antiochus carried
off eighteen hundred talents from the temple, and hurried away to Antioch,
thinking in his arrogance that he could sail on the land and walk on the sea,
because his mind was elated.
22: And he left governors to afflict the
people: at Jerusalem, Philip, by birth a Phrygian and in character more
barbarous than the man who appointed him;
23: and at Gerizim,
Andronicus; and besides these Menelaus, who lorded it over his fellow citizens
worse than the others did. In his malice toward the Jewish citizens,
24: Antiochus sent Apollonius, the captain of the Mysians, with an
army of twenty-two thousand, and commanded him to slay all the grown men and to
sell the women and boys as slaves.
25: When this man arrived in
Jerusalem, he pretended to be peaceably disposed and waited until the holy
sabbath day; then, finding the Jews not at work, he ordered his men to parade
under arms.
26: He put to the sword all those who came out to see
them, then rushed into the city with his armed men and killed great numbers of
people.
27: But Judas Maccabeus, with about nine others, got away to
the wilderness, and kept himself and his companions alive in the mountains as
wild animals do; they continued to live on what grew wild, so that they might
not share in the defilement.
Chapter 6
1: Not long after this, the king sent an Athenian
senator to compel the Jews to forsake the laws of their fathers and cease to
live by the laws of God,
2: and also to pollute the temple in
Jerusalem and call it the temple of Olympian Zeus, and to call the one in
Gerizim the temple of Zeus the Friend of Strangers, as did the people who dwelt
in that place.
3: Harsh and utterly grievous was the onslaught of
evil.
4: For the temple was filled with debauchery and reveling by
the Gentiles, who dallied with harlots and had intercourse with women within the
sacred precincts, and besides brought in things for sacrifice that were unfit.
5: The altar was covered with abominable offerings which were
forbidden by the laws.
6: A man could neither keep the sabbath, nor
observe the feasts of his fathers, nor so much as confess himself to be a Jew.
7: On the monthly celebration of the king's birthday, the Jews were
taken, under bitter constraint, to partake of the sacrifices; and when the feast
of Dionysus came, they were compelled to walk in the procession in honor of
Dionysus, wearing wreaths of ivy.
8: At the suggestion of Ptolemy a
decree was issued to the neighboring Greek cities, that they should adopt the
same policy toward the Jews and make them partake of the sacrifices,
9: and should slay those who did not choose to change over to Greek
customs. One could see, therefore, the misery that had come upon them.
10: For example, two women were brought in for having circumcised
their children. These women they publicly paraded about the city, with their
babies hung at their breasts, then hurled them down headlong from the wall.
11: Others who had assembled in the caves near by, to observe the
seventh day secretly, were betrayed to Philip and were all burned together,
because their piety kept them from defending themselves, in view of their regard
for that most holy day.
12: Now I urge those who read this book not
to be depressed by such calamities, but to recognize that these punishments were
designed not to destroy but to discipline our people.
13: In fact,
not to let the impious alone for long, but to punish them immediately, is a sign
of great kindness.
14: For in the case of the other nations the Lord
waits patiently to punish them until they have reached the full measure of their
sins; but he does not deal in this way with us,
15: in order that he
may not take vengeance on us afterward when our sins have reached their height.
16: Therefore he never withdraws his mercy from us. Though he
disciplines us with calamities, he does not forsake his own people.
17: Let what we have said serve as a reminder; we must go on briefly
with the story.
18: Eleazar, one of the scribes in high position, a
man now advanced in age and of noble presence, was being forced to open his
mouth to eat swine's flesh.
19: But he, welcoming death with honor
rather than life with pollution, went up to the the rack of his own accord,
spitting out the flesh,
20: as men ought to go who have the courage
to refuse things that it is not right to taste, even for the natural love of
life.
21: Those who were in charge of that unlawful sacrifice took
the man aside, because of their long acquaintance with him, and privately urged
him to bring meat of his own providing, proper for him to use, and pretend that
he was eating the flesh of the sacrificial meal which had been commanded by the
king,
22: so that by doing this he might be saved from death, and be
treated kindly on account of his old friendship with them.
23: But
making a high resolve, worthy of his years and the dignity of his old age and
the gray hairs which he had reached with distinction and his excellent life even
from childhood, and moreover according to the holy God-given law, he declared
himself quickly, telling them to send him to Hades.
24: "Such
pretense is not worthy of our time of life," he said, "lest many of the young
should suppose that Eleazar in his ninetieth year has gone over to an alien
religion,
25: and through my pretense, for the sake of living a brief
moment longer, they should be led astray because of me, while I defile and
disgrace my old age.
26: For even if for the present I should avoid
the punishment of men, yet whether I live or die I shall not escape the hands of
the Almighty.
27: Therefore, by manfully giving up my life now, I
will show myself worthy of my old age
28: and leave to the young a
noble example of how to die a good death willingly and nobly for the revered and
holy laws." When he had said this, he went at once to the rack.
29:
And those who a little before had acted toward him with good will now changed to
ill will, because the words he had uttered were in their opinion sheer madness.
30: When he was about to die under the blows, he groaned aloud and
said: "It is clear to the Lord in his holy knowledge that, though I might have
been saved from death, I am enduring terrible sufferings in my body under this
beating, but in my soul I am glad to suffer these things because I fear him."
31: So in this way he died, leaving in his death an example of
nobility and a memorial of courage, not only to the young but to the great body
of his nation.
Chapter 7
1: It happened also that seven brothers and their
mother were arrested and were being compelled by the king, under torture with
whips and cords, to partake of unlawful swine's flesh.
2: One of
them, acting as their spokesman, said, "What do you intend to ask and learn from
us? For we are ready to die rather than transgress the laws of our fathers."
3: The king fell into a rage, and gave orders that pans and caldrons
be heated.
4: These were heated immediately, and he commanded that
the tongue of their spokesman be cut out and that they scalp him and cut off his
hands and feet, while the rest of the brothers and the mother looked on.
5: When he was utterly helpless, the king ordered them to take him to
the fire, still breathing, and to fry him in a pan. The smoke from the pan
spread widely, but the brothers and their mother encouraged one another to die
nobly, saying,
6: "The Lord God is watching over us and in truth has
compassion on us, as Moses declared in his song which bore witness against the
people to their faces, when he said, `And he will have compassion on his
servants.'"
7: After the first brother had died in this way, they
brought forward the second for their sport. They tore off the skin of his head
with the hair, and asked him, "Will you eat rather than have your body punished
limb by limb?"
8: He replied in the language of his fathers, and said
to them, "No." Therefore he in turn underwent tortures as the first brother had
done.
9: And when he was at his last breath, he said, "You accursed
wretch, you dismiss us from this present life, but the King of the universe will
raise us up to an everlasting renewal of life, because we have died for his
laws."
10: After him, the third was the victim of their sport. When
it was demanded, he quickly put out his tongue and courageously stretched forth
his hands,
11: and said nobly, "I got these from Heaven, and because
of his laws I disdain them, and from him I hope to get them back again."
12: As a result the king himself and those with him were astonished
at the young man's spirit, for he regarded his sufferings as nothing.
13: When he too had died, they maltreated and tortured the fourth in
the same way.
14: And when he was near death, he said, "One cannot
but choose to die at the hands of men and to cherish the hope that God gives of
being raised again by him. But for you there will be no resurrection to life!"
15: Next they brought forward the fifth and maltreated him.
16: But he looked at the king, and said, "Because you have authority
among men, mortal though you are, you do what you please. But do not think that
God has forsaken our people.
17: Keep on, and see how his mighty
power will torture you and your descendants!"
18: After him they
brought forward the sixth. And when he was about to die, he said, "Do not
deceive yourself in vain. For we are suffering these things on our own account,
because of our sins against our own God. Therefore astounding things have
happened.
19: But do not think that you will go unpunished for having
tried to fight against God!"
20: The mother was especially admirable
and worthy of honorable memory. Though she saw her seven sons perish within a
single day, she bore it with good courage because of her hope in the Lord.
21: She encouraged each of them in the language of their fathers.
Filled with a noble spirit, she fired her woman's reasoning with a man's
courage, and said to them,
22: "I do not know how you came into being
in my womb. It was not I who gave you life and breath, nor I who set in order
the elements within each of you.
23: Therefore the Creator of the
world, who shaped the beginning of man and devised the origin of all things,
will in his mercy give life and breath back to you again, since you now forget
yourselves for the sake of his laws."
24: Antiochus felt that he was
being treated with contempt, and he was suspicious of her reproachful tone. The
youngest brother being still alive, Antiochus not only appealed to him in words,
but promised with oaths that he would make him rich and enviable if he would
turn from the ways of his fathers, and that he would take him for his friend and
entrust him with public affairs.
25: Since the young man would not
listen to him at all, the king called the mother to him and urged her to advise
the youth to save himself.
26: After much urging on his part, she
undertook to persuade her son.
27: But, leaning close to him, she
spoke in their native tongue as follows, deriding the cruel tyrant: "My son,
have pity on me. I carried you nine months in my womb, and nursed you for three
years, and have reared you and brought you up to this point in your life, and
have taken care of you.
28: I beseech you, my child, to look at the
heaven and the earth and see everything that is in them, and recognize that God
did not make them out of things that existed. Thus also mankind comes into
being.
29: Do not fear this butcher, but prove worthy of your
brothers. Accept death, so that in God's mercy I may get you back again with
your brothers."
30: While she was still speaking, the young man said,
"What are you waiting for? I will not obey the king's command, but I obey the
command of the law that was given to our fathers through Moses.
31:
But you, who have contrived all sorts of evil against the Hebrews, will
certainly not escape the hands of God.
32: For we are suffering
because of our own sins.
33: And if our living Lord is angry for a
little while, to rebuke and discipline us, he will again be reconciled with his
own servants.
34: But you, unholy wretch, you most defiled of all
men, do not be elated in vain and puffed up by uncertain hopes, when you raise
your hand against the children of heaven.
35: You have not yet
escaped the judgment of the almighty, all-seeing God.
36: For our
brothers after enduring a brief suffering have drunk of everflowing life under
God's covenant; but you, by the judgment of God, will receive just punishment
for your arrogance.
37: I, like my brothers, give up body and life
for the laws of our fathers, appealing to God to show mercy soon to our nation
and by afflictions and plagues to make you confess that he alone is God,
38: and through me and my brothers to bring to an end the wrath of
the Almighty which has justly fallen on our whole nation."
39: The
king fell into a rage, and handled him worse than the others, being exasperated
at his scorn.
40: So he died in his integrity, putting his whole
trust in the Lord.
41: Last of all, the mother died, after her sons.
42: Let this be enough, then, about the eating of sacrifices and the
extreme tortures.
Chapter 8
1: But Judas, who was also called Maccabeus, and
his companions secretly entered the villages and summoned their kinsmen and
enlisted those who had continued in the Jewish faith, and so they gathered about
six thousand men.
2: They besought the Lord to look upon the people
who were oppressed by all, and to have pity on the temple which had been
profaned by ungodly men,
3: and to have mercy on the city which was
being destroyed and about to be leveled to the ground, and to hearken to the
blood that cried out to him,
4: and to remember also the lawless
destruction of the innocent babies and the blasphemies committed against his
name, and to show his hatred of evil.
5: As soon as Maccabeus got his
army organized, the Gentiles could not withstand him, for the wrath of the Lord
had turned to mercy.
6: Coming without warning, he would set fire to
towns and villages. He captured strategic positions and put to flight not a few
of the enemy.
7: He found the nights most advantageous for such
attacks. And talk of his valor spread everywhere.
8: When Philip saw
that the man was gaining ground little by little, and that he was pushing ahead
with more frequent successes, he wrote to Ptolemy, the governor of Coelesyria
and Phoenicia, for aid to the king's government.
9: And Ptolemy
promptly appointed Nicanor the son of Patroclus, one of the king's chief
friends, and sent him, in command of no fewer than twenty thousand Gentiles of
all nations, to wipe out the whole race of Judea. He associated with him
Gorgias, a general and a man of experience in military service.
10:
Nicanor determined to make up for the king the tribute due to the Romans, two
thousand talents, by selling the captured Jews into slavery.
11: And
he immediately sent to the cities on the seacoast, inviting them to buy Jewish
slaves and promising to hand over ninety slaves for a talent, not expecting the
judgment from the Almighty that was about to overtake him.
12: Word
came to Judas concerning Nicanor's invasion; and when he told his companions of
the arrival of the army,
13: those who were cowardly and distrustful
of God's justice ran off and got away.
14: Others sold all their
remaining property, and at the same time besought the Lord to rescue those who
had been sold by the ungodly Nicanor before he ever met them,
15: if
not for their own sake, yet for the sake of the covenants made with their
fathers, and because he had called them by his holy and glorious name.
16: But Maccabeus gathered his men together, to the number six
thousand, and exhorted them not to be frightened by the enemy and not to fear
the great multitude of Gentiles who were wickedly coming against them, but to
fight nobly,
17: keeping before their eyes the lawless outrage which
the Gentiles had committed against the holy place, and the torture of the
derided city, and besides, the overthrow of their ancestral way of life.
18: "For they trust to arms and acts of daring," he said, "but we
trust in the Almighty God, who is able with a single nod to strike down those
who are coming against us and even the whole world."
19: Moreover, he
told them of the times when help came to their ancestors; both the time of
Sennacherib, when one hundred and eighty-five thousand perished,
20:
and the time of the battle with the Galatians that took place in Babylonia, when
eight thousand in all went into the affair, with four thousand Macedonians; and
when the Macedonians were hard pressed, the eight thousand, by the help that
came to them from heaven, destroyed one hundred and twenty thousand and took
much booty.
21: With these words he filled them with good courage and
made them ready to die for their laws and their country; then he divided his
army into four parts.
22: He appointed his brothers also, Simon and
Joseph and Jonathan, each to command a division, putting fifteen hundred men
under each.
23: Besides, he appointed Eleazar to read aloud from the
holy book, and gave the watchword, "God's help"; then, leading the first
division himself, he joined battle with Nicanor.
24: With the
Almighty as their ally, they slew more than nine thousand of the enemy, and
wounded and disabled most of Nicanor's army, and forced them all to flee.
25: They captured the money of those who had come to buy them as
slaves. After pursuing them for some distance, they were obliged to return
because the hour was late.
26: For it was the day before the sabbath,
and for that reason they did not continue their pursuit.
27: And when
they had collected the arms of the enemy and stripped them of their spoils, they
kept the sabbath, giving great praise and thanks to the Lord, who had preserved
them for that day and allotted it to them as the beginning of mercy.
28: After the sabbath they gave some of the spoils to those who had
been tortured and to the widows and orphans, and distributed the rest among
themselves and their children.
29: When they had done this, they made
common supplication and besought the merciful Lord to be wholly reconciled with
his servants.
30: In encounters with the forces of Timothy and
Bacchides they killed more than twenty thousand of them and got possession of
some exceedingly high strongholds, and they divided very much plunder, giving to
those who had been tortured and to the orphans and widows, and also to the aged,
shares equal to their own.
31: Collecting the arms of the enemy, they
stored them all carefully in strategic places, and carried the rest of the
spoils to Jerusalem.
32: They killed the commander of Timothy's
forces, a most unholy man, and one who had greatly troubled the Jews.
33: While they were celebrating the victory in the city of their
fathers, they burned those who had set fire to the sacred gates, Callisthenes
and some others, who had fled into one little house; so these received the
proper recompense for their impiety.
34: The thrice-accursed Nicanor,
who had brought the thousand merchants to buy the Jews,
35: having
been humbled with the help of the Lord by opponents whom he regarded as of the
least account, took off his splendid uniform and made his way alone like a
runaway slave across the country till he reached Antioch, having succeeded
chiefly in the destruction of his own army!
36: Thus he who had
undertaken to secure tribute for the Romans by the capture of the people of
Jerusalem proclaimed that the Jews had a Defender, and that therefore the Jews
were invulnerable, because they followed the laws ordained by him.
Chapter 9
1: About that time, as it happened, Antiochus had
retreated in disorder from the region of Persia.
2: For he had
entered the city called Persepolis, and attempted to rob the temples and control
the city. Therefore the people rushed to the rescue with arms, and Antiochus and
his men were defeated, with the result that Antiochus was put to flight by the
inhabitants and beat a shameful retreat.
3: While he was in Ecbatana,
news came to him of what had happened to Nicanor and the forces of Timothy.
4: Transported with rage, he conceived the idea of turning upon the
Jews the injury done by those who had put him to flight; so he ordered his
charioteer to drive without stopping until he completed the journey. But the
judgment of heaven rode with him! For in his arrogance he said, "When I get
there I will make Jerusalem a cemetery of Jews."
5: But the
all-seeing Lord, the God of Israel, struck him an incurable and unseen blow. As
soon as he ceased speaking he was seized with a pain in his bowels for which
there was no relief and with sharp internal tortures --
6: and that
very justly, for he had tortured the bowels of others with many and strange
inflictions.
7: Yet he did not in any way stop his insolence, but was
even more filled with arrogance, breathing fire in his rage against the Jews,
and giving orders to hasten the journey. And so it came about that he fell out
of his chariot as it was rushing along, and the fall was so hard as to torture
every limb of his body.
8: Thus he who had just been thinking that he
could command the waves of the sea, in his superhuman arrogance, and imagining
that he could weigh the high mountains in a balance, was brought down to earth
and carried in a litter, making the power of God manifest to all.
9:
And so the ungodly man's body swarmed with worms, and while he was still living
in anguish and pain, his flesh rotted away, and because of his stench the whole
army felt revulsion at his decay.
10: Because of his intolerable
stench no one was able to carry the man who a little while before had thought
that he could touch the stars of heaven.
11: Then it was that, broken
in spirit, he began to lose much of his arrogance and to come to his senses
under the scourge of God, for he was tortured with pain every moment.
12: And when he could not endure his own stench, he uttered these
words: "It is right to be subject to God, and no mortal should think that he is
equal to God."
13: Then the abominable fellow made a vow to the Lord,
who would no longer have mercy on him, stating
14: that the holy
city, which he was hastening to level to the ground and to make a cemetery, he
was now declaring to be free;
15: and the Jews, whom he had not
considered worth burying but had planned to throw out with their children to the
beasts, for the birds to pick, he would make, all of them, equal to citizens of
Athens;
16: and the holy sanctuary, which he had formerly plundered,
he would adorn with the finest offerings; and the holy vessels he would give
back, all of them, many times over; and the expenses incurred for the sacrifices
he would provide from his own revenues;
17: and in addition to all
this he also would become a Jew and would visit every inhabited place to
proclaim the power of God.
18: But when his sufferings did not in any
way abate, for the judgment of God had justly come upon him, he gave up all hope
for himself and wrote to the Jews the following letter, in the form of a
supplication. This was its content:
19: "To his worthy Jewish
citizens, Antiochus their king and general sends hearty greetings and good
wishes for their health and prosperity.
20: If you and your children
are well and your affairs are as you wish, I am glad. As my hope is in heaven,
21: I remember with affection your esteem and good will. On my way
back from the region of Persia I suffered an annoying illness, and I have deemed
it necessary to take thought for the general security of all.
22: I
do not despair of my condition, for I have good hope of recovering from my
illness,
23: but I observed that my father, on the occasions when he
made expeditions into the upper country, appointed his successor,
24:
so that, if anything unexpected happened or any unwelcome news came, the people
throughout the realm would not be troubled, for they would know to whom the
government was left.
25: Moreover, I understand how the princes along
the borders and the neighbors to my kingdom keep watching for opportunities and
waiting to see what will happen. So I have appointed my son Antiochus to be
king, whom I have often entrusted and commended to most of you when I hastened
off to the upper provinces; and I have written to him what is written here.
26: I therefore urge and beseech you to remember the public and
private services rendered to you and to maintain your present good will, each of
you, toward me and my son.
27: For I am sure that he will follow my
policy and will treat you with moderation and kindness."
28: So the
murderer and blasphemer, having endured the more intense suffering, such as he
had inflicted on others, came to the end of his life by a most pitiable fate,
among the mountains in a strange land.
29: And Philip, one of his
courtiers, took his body home; then, fearing the son of Antiochus, he betook
himself to Ptolemy Philometor in Egypt.
Chapter 10
1: Now Maccabeus and his followers, the Lord
leading them on, recovered the temple and the city;
2: and they tore
down the altars which had been built in the public square by the foreigners, and
also destroyed the sacred precincts.
3: They purified the sanctuary,
and made another altar of sacrifice; then, striking fire out of flint, they
offered sacrifices, after a lapse of two years, and they burned incense and
lighted lamps and set out the bread of the Presence.
4: And when they
had done this, they fell prostrate and besought the Lord that they might never
again fall into such misfortunes, but that, if they should ever sin, they might
be disciplined by him with forbearance and not be handed over to blasphemous and
barbarous nations.
5: It happened that on the same day on which the
sanctuary had been profaned by the foreigners, the purification of the sanctuary
took place, that is, on the twenty-fifth day of the same month, which was
Chislev.
6: And they celebrated it for eight days with rejoicing, in
the manner of the feast of booths, remembering how not long before, during the
feast of booths, they had been wandering in the mountains and caves like wild
animals.
7: Therefore bearing ivy-wreathed wands and beautiful
branches and also fronds of palm, they offered hymns of thanksgiving to him who
had given success to the purifying of his own holy place.
8: They
decreed by public ordinance and vote that the whole nation of the Jews should
observe these days every year.
9: Such then was the end of Antiochus,
who was called Epiphanes.
10: Now we will tell what took place under
Antiochus Eupator, who was the son of that ungodly man, and will give a brief
summary of the principal calamities of the wars.
11: This man, when
he succeeded to the kingdom, appointed one Lysias to have charge of the
government and to be chief governor of Coelesyria and Phoenicia.
12:
Ptolemy, who was called Macron, took the lead in showing justice to the Jews
because of the wrong that had been done to them, and attempted to maintain
peaceful relations with them.
13: As a result he was accused before
Eupator by the king's friends. He heard himself called a traitor at every turn,
because he had abandoned Cyprus, which Philometor had entrusted to him, and had
gone over to Antiochus Epiphanes. Unable to command the respect due his office,
he took poison and ended his life.
14: When Gorgias became governor
of the region, he maintained a force of mercenaries, and at every turn kept on
warring against the Jews.
15: Besides this, the Idumeans, who had
control of important strongholds, were harassing the Jews; they received those
who were banished from Jerusalem, and endeavored to keep up the war.
16: But Maccabeus and his men, after making solemn supplication and
beseeching God to fight on their side, rushed to the strongholds of the
Idumeans.
17: Attacking them vigorously, they gained possession of
the places, and beat off all who fought upon the wall, and slew those whom they
encountered, killing no fewer than twenty thousand.
18: When no less
than nine thousand took refuge in two very strong towers well equipped to
withstand a siege,
19: Maccabeus left Simon and Joseph, and also
Zacchaeus and his men, a force sufficient to besiege them; and he himself set
off for places where he was more urgently needed.
20: But the men
with Simon, who were money-hungry, were bribed by some of those who were in the
towers, and on receiving seventy thousand drachmas let some of them slip away.
21: When word of what had happened came to Maccabeus, he gathered the
leaders of the people, and accused these men of having sold their brethren for
money by setting their enemies free to fight against them.
22: Then
he slew these men who had turned traitor, and immediately captured the two
towers.
23: Having success at arms in everything he undertook, he
destroyed more than twenty thousand in the two strongholds.
24: Now
Timothy, who had been defeated by the Jews before, gathered a tremendous force
of mercenaries and collected the cavalry from Asia in no small number. He came
on, intending to take Judea by storm.
25: As he drew near, Maccabeus
and his men sprinkled dust upon their heads and girded their loins with
sackcloth, in supplication to God.
26: Falling upon the steps before
the altar, they besought him to be gracious to them and to be an enemy to their
enemies and an adversary to their adversaries, as the law declares.
27: And rising from their prayer they took up their arms and advanced
a considerable distance from the city; and when they came near to the enemy they
halted.
28: Just as dawn was breaking, the two armies joined battle,
the one having as pledge of success and victory not only their valor but their
reliance upon the Lord, while the other made rage their leader in the fight.
29: When the battle became fierce, there appeared to the enemy from
heaven five resplendent men on horses with golden bridles, and they were leading
the Jews.
30: Surrounding Maccabeus and protecting him with their own
armor and weapons, they kept him from being wounded. And they showered arrows
and thunderbolts upon the enemy, so that, confused and blinded, they were thrown
into disorder and cut to pieces.
31: Twenty thousand five hundred
were slaughtered, besides six hundred horsemen.
32: Timothy himself
fled to a stronghold called Gazara, especially well garrisoned, where Chaereas
was commander.
33: Then Maccabeus and his men were glad, and they
besieged the fort for four days.
34: The men within, relying on the
strength of the place, blasphemed terribly and hurled out wicked words.
35: But at dawn of the fifth day, twenty young men in the army of
Maccabeus, fired with anger because of the blasphemies, bravely stormed the wall
and with savage fury cut down every one they met.
36: Others who came
up in the same way wheeled around against the defenders and set fire to the
towers; they kindled fires and burned the blasphemers alive. Others broke open
the gates and let in the rest of the force, and they occupied the city.
37: They killed Timothy, who was hidden in a cistern, and his brother
Chaereas, and Apollophanes.
38: When they had accomplished these
things, with hymns and thanksgivings they blessed the Lord who shows great
kindness to Israel and gives them the victory.
Chapter 11
1: Very soon after this, Lysias, the king's
guardian and kinsman, who was in charge of the government, being vexed at what
had happened,
2: gathered about eighty thousand men and all his
cavalry and came against the Jews. He intended to make the city a home for
Greeks,
3: and to levy tribute on the temple as he did on the sacred
places of the other nations, and to put up the high priesthood for sale every
year.
4: He took no account whatever of the power of God, but was
elated with his ten thousands of infantry, and his thousands of cavalry, and his
eighty elephants.
5: Invading Judea, he approached Beth-zur, which
was a fortified place about five leagues from Jerusalem, and pressed it hard.
6: When Maccabeus and his men got word that Lysias was besieging the
strongholds, they and all the people, with lamentations and tears, besought the
Lord to send a good angel to save Israel.
7: Maccabeus himself was
the first to take up arms, and he urged the others to risk their lives with him
to aid their brethren. Then they eagerly rushed off together.
8: And
there, while they were still near Jerusalem, a horseman appeared at their head,
clothed in white and brandishing weapons of gold.
9: And they all
together praised the merciful God, and were strengthened in heart, ready to
assail not only men but the wildest beasts or walls of iron.
10: They
advanced in battle order, having their heavenly ally, for the Lord had mercy on
them.
11: They hurled themselves like lions against the enemy, and
slew eleven thousand of them and sixteen hundred horsemen, and forced all the
rest to flee.
12: Most of them got away stripped and wounded, and
Lysias himself escaped by disgraceful flight.
13: And as he was not
without intelligence, he pondered over the defeat which had befallen him, and
realized that the Hebrews were invincible because the mighty God fought on their
side. So he sent to them
14: and persuaded them to settle everything
on just terms, promising that he would persuade the king, constraining him to be
their friend.
15: Maccabeus, having regard for the common good,
agreed to all that Lysias urged. For the king granted every request in behalf of
the Jews which Maccabeus delivered to Lysias in writing.
16: The
letter written to the Jews by Lysias was to this effect: "Lysias to the people
of the Jews, greeting.
17: John and Absalom, who were sent by you,
have delivered your signed communication and have asked about the matters
indicated therein.
18: I have informed the king of everything that
needed to be brought before him, and he has agreed to what was possible.
19: If you will maintain your good will toward the government, I will
endeavor for the future to help promote your welfare.
20: And
concerning these matters and their details, I have ordered these men and my
representatives to confer with you.
21: Farewell. The one hundred and
forty-eighth year, Dioscorinthius twenty-fourth."
22: The king's
letter ran thus: "King Antiochus to his brother Lysias, greeting.
23:
Now that our father has gone on to the gods, we desire that the subjects of the
kingdom be undisturbed in caring for their own affairs.
24: We have
heard that the Jews do not consent to our father's change to Greek customs but
prefer their own way of living and ask that their own customs be allowed them.
25: Accordingly, since we choose that this nation also be free from
disturbance, our decision is that their temple be restored to them and that they
live according to the customs of their ancestors.
26: You will do
well, therefore, to send word to them and give them pledges of friendship, so
that they may know our policy and be of good cheer and go on happily in the
conduct of their own affairs."
27: To the nation the king's letter
was as follows: "King Antiochus to the senate of the Jews and to the other Jews,
greeting.
28: If you are well, it is as we desire. We also are in
good health.
29: Menelaus has informed us that you wish to return
home and look after your own affairs.
30: Therefore those who go home
by the thirtieth day of Xanthicus will have our pledge of friendship and full
permission
31: for the Jews to enjoy their own food and laws, just as
formerly, and none of them shall be molested in any way for what he may have
done in ignorance.
32: And I have also sent Menelaus to encourage
you.
33: Farewell. The one hundred and forty-eighth year, Xanthicus
fifteenth."
34: The Romans also sent them a letter, which read thus:
"Quintus Memmius and Titus Manius, envoys of the Romans, to the people of the
Jews, greeting.
35: With regard to what Lysias the kinsman of the
king has granted you, we also give consent.
36: But as to the matters
which he decided are to be referred to the king, as soon as you have considered
them, send some one promptly, so that we may make proposals appropriate for you.
For we are on our way to Antioch.
37: Therefore make haste and send
some men, so that we may have your judgment.
38: Farewell. The one
hundred and forty-eighth year, Xanthicus fifteenth."
Chapter 12
1: When this agreement had been reached, Lysias
returned to the king, and the Jews went about their farming.
2: But
some of the governors in various places, Timothy and Apollonius the son of
Gennaeus, as well as Hieronymus and Demophon, and in addition to these Nicanor
the governor of Cyprus, would not let them live quietly and in peace.
3: And some men of Joppa did so ungodly a deed as this: they invited
the Jews who lived among them to embark, with their wives and children, on boats
which they had provided, as though there were no ill will to the Jews;
4: and this was done by public vote of the city. And when they
accepted, because they wished to live peaceably and suspected nothing, the men
of Joppa took them out to sea and drowned them, not less than two hundred.
5: When Judas heard of the cruelty visited on his countrymen, he gave
orders to his men
6: and, calling upon God the righteous Judge,
attacked the murderers of his brethren. He set fire to the harbor by night, and
burned the boats, and massacred those who had taken refuge there.
7:
Then, because the city's gates were closed, he withdrew, intending to come again
and root out the whole community of Joppa.
8: But learning that the
men in Jamnia meant in the same way to wipe out the Jews who were living among
them,
9: he attacked the people of Jamnia by night and set fire to
the harbor and the fleet, so that the glow of the light was seen in Jerusalem,
thirty miles distant.
10: When they had gone more than a mile from
there, on their march against Timothy, not less than five thousand Arabs with
five hundred horsemen attacked them.
11: After a hard fight Judas and
his men won the victory, by the help of God. The defeated nomads besought Judas
to grant them pledges of friendship, promising to give him cattle and to help
his people in all other ways.
12: Judas, thinking that they might
really be useful in many ways, agreed to make peace with them; and after
receiving his pledges they departed to their tents.
13: He also
attacked a certain city which was strongly fortified with earthworks and walls,
and inhabited by all sorts of Gentiles. Its name was Caspin.
14: And
those who were within, relying on the strength of the walls and on their supply
of provisions, behaved most insolently toward Judas and his men, railing at them
and even blaspheming and saying unholy things.
15: But Judas and his
men, calling upon the great Sovereign of the world, who without battering-rams
or engines of war overthrew Jericho in the days of Joshua, rushed furiously upon
the walls.
16: They took the city by the will of God, and slaughtered
untold numbers, so that the adjoining lake, a quarter of a mile wide, appeared
to be running over with blood.
17: When they had gone ninety-five
miles from there, they came to Charax, to the Jews who are called Toubiani.
18: They did not find Timothy in that region, for he had by then
departed from the region without accomplishing anything, though in one place he
had left a very strong garrison.
19: Dositheus and Sosipater, who
were captains under Maccabeus, marched out and destroyed those whom Timothy had
left in the stronghold, more than ten thousand men.
20: But Maccabeus
arranged his army in divisions, set men in command of the divisions, and
hastened after Timothy, who had with him a hundred and twenty thousand infantry
and two thousand five hundred cavalry.
21: When Timothy learned of
the approach of Judas, he sent off the women and the children and also the
baggage to a place called Carnaim; for that place was hard to besiege and
difficult of access because of the narrowness of all the approaches.
22: But when Judas' first division appeared, terror and fear came
over the enemy at the manifestation to them of him who sees all things; and they
rushed off in flight and were swept on, this way and that, so that often they
were injured by their own men and pierced by the points of their swords.
23: And Judas pressed the pursuit with the utmost vigor, putting the
sinners to the sword, and destroyed as many as thirty thousand men.
24: Timothy himself fell into the hands of Dositheus and Sosipater
and their men. With great guile he besought them to let him go in safety,
because he held the parents of most of them and the brothers of some and no
consideration would be shown them.
25: And when with many words he
had confirmed his solemn promise to restore them unharmed, they let him go, for
the sake of saving their brethren.
26: Then Judas marched against
Carnaim and the temple of Atargatis, and slaughtered twenty-five thousand
people.
27: After the rout and destruction of these, he marched also
against Ephron, a fortified city where Lysias dwelt with multitudes of people of
all nationalities. Stalwart young men took their stand before the walls and made
a vigorous defense; and great stores of war engines and missiles were there.
28: But the Jews called upon the Sovereign who with power shatters
the might of his enemies, and they got the city into their hands, and killed as
many as twenty-five thousand of those who were within it.
29: Setting
out from there, they hastened to Scythopolis, which is seventy-five miles from
Jerusalem.
30: But when the Jews who dwelt there bore witness to the
good will which the people of Scythopolis had shown them and their kind
treatment of them in times of misfortune,
31: they thanked them and
exhorted them to be well disposed to their race in the future also. Then they
went up to Jerusalem, as the feast of weeks was close at hand.
32:
After the feast called Pentecost, they hastened against Gorgias, the governor of
Idumea.
33: And he came out with three thousand infantry and four
hundred cavalry.
34: When they joined battle, it happened that a few
of the Jews fell.
35: But a certain Dositheus, one of Bacenor's men,
who was on horseback and was a strong man, caught hold of Gorgias, and grasping
his cloak was dragging him off by main strength, wishing to take the accursed
man alive, when one of the Thracian horsemen bore down upon him and cut off his
arm; so Gorgias escaped and reached Marisa.
36: As Esdris and his men
had been fighting for a long time and were weary, Judas called upon the Lord to
show himself their ally and leader in the battle.
37: In the language
of their fathers he raised the battle cry, with hymns; then he charged against
Gorgias' men when they were not expecting it, and put them to flight.
38: Then Judas assembled his army and went to the city of Adullam. As
the seventh day was coming on, they purified themselves according to the custom,
and they kept the sabbath there.
39: On the next day, as by that time
it had become necessary, Judas and his men went to take up the bodies of the
fallen and to bring them back to lie with their kinsmen in the sepulchres of
their fathers.
40: Then under the tunic of every one of the dead they
found sacred tokens of the idols of Jamnia, which the law forbids the Jews to
wear. And it became clear to all that this was why these men had fallen.
41: So they all blessed the ways of the Lord, the righteous Judge,
who reveals the things that are hidden;
42: and they turned to
prayer, beseeching that the sin which had been committed might be wholly blotted
out. And the noble Judas exhorted the people to keep themselves free from sin,
for they had seen with their own eyes what had happened because of the sin of
those who had fallen.
43: He also took up a collection, man by man,
to the amount of two thousand drachmas of silver, and sent it to Jerusalem to
provide for a sin offering. In doing this he acted very well and honorably,
taking account of the resurrection.
44: For if he were not expecting
that those who had fallen would rise again, it would have been superfluous and
foolish to pray for the dead.
45: But if he was looking to the
splendid reward that is laid up for those who fall asleep in godliness, it was a
holy and pious thought. Therefore he made atonement for the dead, that they
might be delivered from their sin.
Chapter 13
1: In the one hundred and forty-ninth year word
came to Judas and his men that Antiochus Eupator was coming with a great army
against Judea,
2: and with him Lysias, his guardian, who had charge
of the government. Each of them had a Greek force of one hundred and ten
thousand infantry, five thousand three hundred cavalry, twenty-two elephants,
and three hundred chariots armed with scythes.
3: Menelaus also
joined them and with utter hypocrisy urged Antiochus on, not for the sake of his
country's welfare, but because he thought that he would be established in
office.
4: But the King of kings aroused the anger of Antiochus
against the scoundrel; and when Lysias informed him that this man was to blame
for all the trouble, he ordered them to take him to Beroea and to put him to
death by the method which is the custom in that place.
5: For there
is a tower in that place, fifty cubits high, full of ashes, and it has a rim
running around it which on all sides inclines precipitously into the ashes.
6: There they all push to destruction any man guilty of sacrilege or
notorious for other crimes.
7: By such a fate it came about that
Menelaus the lawbreaker died, without even burial in the earth.
8:
And this was eminently just; because he had committed many sins against the
altar whose fire and ashes were holy, he met his death in ashes.
9:
The king with barbarous arrogance was coming to show the Jews things far worse
than those that had been done in his father's time.
10: But when
Judas heard of this, he ordered the people to call upon the Lord day and night,
now if ever to help those who were on the point of being deprived of the law and
their country and the holy temple,
11: and not to let the people who
had just begun to revive fall into the hands of the blasphemous Gentiles.
12: When they had all joined in the same petition and had besought
the merciful Lord with weeping and fasting and lying prostrate for three days
without ceasing, Judas exhorted them and ordered them to stand ready.
13: After consulting privately with the elders, he determined to
march out and decide the matter by the help of God before the king's army could
enter Judea and get possession of the city.
14: So, committing the
decision to the Creator of the world and exhorting his men to fight nobly to the
death for the laws, temple, city, country, and commonwealth, he pitched his camp
near Modein.
15: He gave his men the watchword, "God's victory," and
with a picked force of the bravest young men, he attacked the king's pavilion at
night and slew as many as two thousand men in the camp. He stabbed the leading
elephant and its rider.
16: In the end they filled the camp with
terror and confusion and withdrew in triumph.
17: This happened, just
as day was dawning, because the Lord's help protected him.
18: The
king, having had a taste of the daring of the Jews, tried strategy in attacking
their positions.
19: He advanced against Beth-zur, a strong fortress
of the Jews, was turned back, attacked again, and was defeated.
20:
Judas sent in to the garrison whatever was necessary.
21: But
Rhodocus, a man from the ranks of the Jews, gave secret information to the
enemy; he was sought for, caught, and put in prison.
22: The king
negotiated a second time with the people in Beth-zur, gave pledges, received
theirs, withdrew, attacked Judas and his men, was defeated;
23: he
got word that Philip, who had been left in charge of the government, had
revolted in Antioch; he was dismayed, called in the Jews, yielded and swore to
observe all their rights, settled with them and offered sacrifice, honored the
sanctuary and showed generosity to the holy place.
24: He received
Maccabeus, left Hegemonides as governor from Ptolemais to Gerar,
25:
and went to Ptolemais. The people of Ptolemais were indignant over the treaty;
in fact they were so angry that they wanted to annul its terms.
26:
Lysias took the public platform, made the best possible defense, convinced them,
appeased them, gained their good will, and set out for Antioch. This is how the
king's attack and withdrawal turned out.
Chapter 14
1: Three years later, word came to Judas and his
men that Demetrius, the son of Seleucus, had sailed into the harbor of Tripolis
with a strong army and a fleet,
2: and had taken possession of the
country, having made away with Antiochus and his guardian Lysias.
3:
Now a certain Alcimus, who had formerly been high priest but had wilfully
defiled himself in the times of separation, realized that there was no way for
him to be safe or to have access again to the holy altar,
4: and went
to King Demetrius in about the one hundred and fifty-first year, presenting to
him a crown of gold and a palm, and besides these some of the customary olive
branches from the temple. During that day he kept quiet.
5: But he
found an opportunity that furthered his mad purpose when he was invited by
Demetrius to a meeting of the council and was asked about the disposition and
intentions of the Jews. He answered:
6: "Those of the Jews who are
called Hasideans, whose leader is Judas Maccabeus, are keeping up war and
stirring up sedition, and will not let the kingdom attain tranquillity.
7: Therefore I have laid aside my ancestral glory -- I mean the high
priesthood -- and have now come here,
8: first because I am genuinely
concerned for the interests of the king, and second because I have regard also
for my fellow citizens. For through the folly of those whom I have mentioned our
whole nation is now in no small misfortune.
9: Since you are
acquainted, O king, with the details of this matter, deign to take thought for
our country and our hard-pressed nation with the gracious kindness which you
show to all.
10: For as long as Judas lives, it is impossible for the
government to find peace."
11: When he had said this, the rest of the
king's friends, who were hostile to Judas, quickly inflamed Demetrius still
more.
12: And he immediately chose Nicanor, who had been in command
of the elephants, appointed him governor of Judea, and sent him off
13: with orders to kill Judas and scatter his men, and to set up
Alcimus as high priest of the greatest temple.
14: And the Gentiles
throughout Judea, who had fled before Judas, flocked to join Nicanor, thinking
that the misfortunes and calamities of the Jews would mean prosperity for
themselves.
15: When the Jews heard of Nicanor's coming and the
gathering of the Gentiles, they sprinkled dust upon their heads and prayed to
him who established his own people for ever and always upholds his own heritage
by manifesting himself.
16: At the command of the leader, they set
out from there immediately and engaged them in battle at a village called
Dessau.
17: Simon, the brother of Judas, had encountered Nicanor, but
had been temporarily checked because of the sudden consternation created by the
enemy.
18: Nevertheless Nicanor, hearing of the valor of Judas and
his men and their courage in battle for their country, shrank from deciding the
issue by bloodshed.
19: Therefore he sent Posidonius and Theodotus
and Mattathias to give and receive pledges of friendship.
20: When
the terms had been fully considered, and the leader had informed the people, and
it had appeared that they were of one mind, they agreed to the covenant.
21: And the leaders set a day on which to meet by themselves. A
chariot came forward from each army; seats of honor were set in place;
22: Judas posted armed men in readiness at key places to prevent
sudden treachery on the part of the enemy; they held the proper conference.
23: Nicanor stayed on in Jerusalem and did nothing out of the way,
but dismissed the flocks of people that had gathered.
24: And he kept
Judas always in his presence; he was warmly attached to the man.
25:
And he urged him to marry and have children; so he married, settled down, and
shared the common life.
26: But when Alcimus noticed their good will
for one another, he took the covenant that had been made and went to Demetrius.
He told him that Nicanor was disloyal to the government, for he had appointed
that conspirator against the kingdom, Judas, to be his successor.
27:
The king became excited and, provoked by the false accusations of that depraved
man, wrote to Nicanor, stating that he was displeased with the covenant and
commanding him to send Maccabeus to Antioch as a prisoner without delay.
28: When this message came to Nicanor, he was troubled and grieved
that he had to annul their agreement when the man had done no wrong.
29: Since it was not possible to oppose the king, he watched for an
opportunity to accomplish this by a stratagem.
30: But Maccabeus,
noticing that Nicanor was more austere in his dealings with him and was meeting
him more rudely than had been his custom, concluded that this austerity did not
spring from the best motives. So he gathered not a few of his men, and went into
hiding from Nicanor.
31: When the latter became aware that he had
been cleverly outwitted by the man, he went to the great and holy temple while
the priests were offering the customary sacrifices, and commanded them to hand
the man over.
32: And when they declared on oath that they did not
know where the man was whom he sought,
33: he stretched out his right
hand toward the sanctuary, and swore this oath: "If you do not hand Judas over
to me as a prisoner, I will level this precinct of God to the ground and tear
down the altar, and I will build here a splendid temple to Dionysus."
34: Having said this, he went away. Then the priests stretched forth
their hands toward heaven and called upon the constant Defender of our nation,
in these words:
35: "O Lord of all, who hast need of nothing, thou
wast pleased that there be a temple for thy habitation among us;
36:
so now, O holy One, Lord of all holiness, keep undefiled for ever this house
that has been so recently purified."
37: A certain Razis, one of the
elders of Jerusalem, was denounced to Nicanor as a man who loved his fellow
citizens and was very well thought of and for his good will was called father of
the Jews.
38: For in former times, when there was no mingling with
the Gentiles, he had been accused of Judaism, and for Judaism he had with all
zeal risked body and life.
39: Nicanor, wishing to exhibit the enmity
which he had for the Jews, sent more than five hundred soldiers to arrest him;
40: for he thought that by arresting him he would do them an injury.
41: When the troops were about to capture the tower and were forcing
the door of the courtyard, they ordered that fire be brought and the doors
burned. Being surrounded, Razis fell upon his own sword,
42:
preferring to die nobly rather than to fall into the hands of sinners and suffer
outrages unworthy of his noble birth.
43: But in the heat of the
struggle he did not hit exactly, and the crowd was now rushing in through the
doors. He bravely ran up on the wall, and manfully threw himself down into the
crowd.
44: But as they quickly drew back, a space opened and he fell
in the middle of the empty space.
45: Still alive and aflame with
anger, he rose, and though his blood gushed forth and his wounds were severe he
ran through the crowd; and standing upon a steep rock,
46: with his
blood now completely drained from him, he tore out his entrails, took them with
both hands and hurled them at the crowd, calling upon the Lord of life and
spirit to give them back to him again. This was the manner of his death.
Chapter 15
1: When Nicanor heard that Judas and his men were
in the region of Samaria, he made plans to attack them with complete safety on
the day of rest.
2: And when the Jews who were compelled to follow
him said, "Do not destroy so savagely and barbarously, but show respect for the
day which he who sees all things has honored and hallowed above other days,"
3: the thrice-accursed wretch asked if there were a sovereign in
heaven who had commanded the keeping of the sabbath day.
4: And when
they declared, "It is the living Lord himself, the Sovereign in heaven, who
ordered us to observe the seventh day,"
5: he replied, "And I am a
sovereign also, on earth, and I command you to take up arms and finish the
king's business." Nevertheless, he did not succeed in carrying out his
abominable design.
6: This Nicanor in his utter boastfulness and
arrogance had determined to erect a public monument of victory over Judas and
his men.
7: But Maccabeus did not cease to trust with all confidence
that he would get help from the Lord.
8: And he exhorted his men not
to fear the attack of the Gentiles, but to keep in mind the former times when
help had come to them from heaven, and now to look for the victory which the
Almighty would give them.
9: Encouraging them from the law and the
prophets, and reminding them also of the struggles they had won, he made them
the more eager.
10: And when he had aroused their courage, he gave
his orders, at the same time pointing out the perfidy of the Gentiles and their
violation of oaths.
11: He armed each of them not so much with
confidence in shields and spears as with the inspiration of brave words, and he
cheered them all by relating a dream, a sort of vision, which was worthy of
belief.
12: What he saw was this: Onias, who had been high priest, a
noble and good man, of modest bearing and gentle manner, one who spoke fittingly
and had been trained from childhood in all that belongs to excellence, was
praying with outstretched hands for the whole body of the Jews.
13:
Then likewise a man appeared, distinguished by his gray hair and dignity, and of
marvelous majesty and authority.
14: And Onias spoke, saying, "This
is a man who loves the brethren and prays much for the people and the holy city,
Jeremiah, the prophet of God."
15: Jeremiah stretched out his right
hand and gave to Judas a golden sword, and as he gave it he addressed him thus:
16: "Take this holy sword, a gift from God, with which you will
strike down your adversaries."
17: Encouraged by the words of Judas,
so noble and so effective in arousing valor and awaking manliness in the souls
of the young, they determined not to carry on a campaign but to attack bravely,
and to decide the matter, by fighting hand to hand with all courage, because the
city and the sanctuary and the temple were in danger.
18: Their
concern for wives and children, and also for brethren and relatives, lay upon
them less heavily; their greatest and first fear was for the consecrated
sanctuary.
19: And those who had to remain in the city were in no
little distress, being anxious over the encounter in the open country.
20: When all were now looking forward to the coming decision, and the
enemy was already close at hand with their army drawn up for battle, the
elephants strategically stationed and the cavalry deployed on the flanks,
21: Maccabeus, perceiving the hosts that were before him and the
varied supply of arms and the savagery of the elephants, stretched out his hands
toward heaven and called upon the Lord who works wonders; for he knew that it is
not by arms, but as the Lord decides, that he gains the victory for those who
deserve it.
22: And he called upon him in these words: "O Lord, thou
didst send thy angel in the time of Hezekiah king of Judea, and he slew fully a
hundred and eighty-five thousand in the camp of Sennacherib.
23: So
now, O Sovereign of the heavens, send a good angel to carry terror and trembling
before us.
24: By the might of thy arm may these blasphemers who come
against thy holy people be struck down." With these words he ended his prayer.
25: Nicanor and his men advanced with trumpets and battle songs;
26: and Judas and his men met the enemy in battle with invocation to
God and prayers.
27: So, fighting with their hands and praying to God
in their hearts, they laid low no less than thirty-five thousand men, and were
greatly gladdened by God's manifestation.
28: When the action was
over and they were returning with joy, they recognized Nicanor, lying dead, in
full armor.
29: Then there was shouting and tumult, and they blessed
the Sovereign Lord in the language of their fathers.
30: And the man
who was ever in body and soul the defender of his fellow citizens, the man who
maintained his youthful good will toward his countrymen, ordered them to cut off
Nicanor's head and arm and carry them to Jerusalem.
31: And when he
arrived there and had called his countrymen together and stationed the priests
before the altar, he sent for those who were in the citadel.
32: He
showed them the vile Nicanor's head and that profane man's arm, which had been
boastfully stretched out against the holy house of the Almighty;
33:
and he cut out the tongue of the ungodly Nicanor and said that he would give it
piecemeal to the birds and hang up these rewards of his folly opposite the
sanctuary.
34: And they all, looking to heaven, blessed the Lord who
had manifested himself, saying, "Blessed is he who has kept his own place
undefiled."
35: And he hung Nicanor's head from the citadel, a clear
and conspicuous sign to every one of the help of the Lord.
36: And
they all decreed by public vote never to let this day go unobserved, but to
celebrate the thirteenth day of the twelfth month -- which is called Adar in the
Syrian language -- the day before Mordecai's day.
37: This, then, is
how matters turned out with Nicanor. And from that time the city has been in the
possession of the Hebrews. So I too will here end my story.
38: If it
is well told and to the point, that is what I myself desired; if it is poorly
done and mediocre, that was the best I could do.
39: For just as it
is harmful to drink wine alone, or, again, to drink water alone, while wine
mixed with water is sweet and delicious and enhances one's enjoyment, so also
the style of the story delights the ears of those who read the work. And here
will be the end.